He was born into a wealthy jewish family in Berlin and educated at Berlin University. When Hilter came to power he accepted Lindemann's invitation to join the academic community in Oxford. In 1941 he became an FRS; his expertise in thermodynamis and isotope separation was invaluable during the reseach into an atomic bomb. He was kighted in 1955 and suceeded Lindeman as head of the Clarendon Laboratory in 1956 shortly before he died.